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The input impedance looking towards the load end at a distance z’ from the load is The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the  circle and the positive real axis equals the standing wave ratio

The angle measured from the positive real axis, of the line drawn from the origin through the point representing zL equal . All the  circles are centered at the origin and their radii vary from 0 to 1.Ģ. The value of the r-circle passing through the point Pm on negative real axis is numerically equal to the 1/Sġ. The value of the r-circle passing through the point PM is numerically equal to the standing wave ratio The centers of all x-circles lie on the r = 1 lines x  x  for x > 0 (inductive reactance) lie above r axis.The r-circles becomes progressively smaller as r increases from 0 toward  ending at (r = 1, i = 0) point for open circuit.The r = 0 circle, unity radius, centre at origin.

The centers of all r-circles lie on the r axis.ZL  1    r  j i  zL  1 where i and r and x are normalized resistance and normalized reactance jġ   r   j i  r  jx  1  r   ji 1   r   ji . Z L RL  jX L zL    r  jx R0 R0 where r and x are normalized resistance and normalized reactance Z L  R0    e j Z L  R0 The normalized load impedance can be written as In a lossless transmission line, the voltage reflection coefficient is defined as